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Joxe Azurmendi Otaegi (born 19 March 1941) is a Basque writer, philosopher, essayist and poet. He has published numerous articles and books on ethics, politics, the philosophy of language, technique, Basque literature and philosophy in general.〔("Azurmendi, Joxe" ). Harluxet Hiztegi Entziklopedikoa (Encyclopedia Online in Basque)(Retrieved 29 October 2013)〕 He is member of Jakin and the director of ''Jakin irakurgaiak'', a publishing house which has published over 40 books under his management. He also collaborated with the ''Klasikoak''〔(''Klasikoak'' ), Collection of translations into the Basque language of the classics of universal thought (website of EHU)〕 publishing firm in the Basque translations of various philosophical works and was one of the founders of ''Udako Euskal Unibertsitatea'' (The Basque Summer University).〔Andoni Olariaga: "Joxe Azurmendi. Askatasunaren pentsalaria" in Alaitz Aizpuru, ''Eukal Herriko pentsamenduaren gida'', Bilbo: UEU, 2012. p. 147〕 He is currently a Professor of Modern Philosophy and a lecturer at Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (The University of the Basque Country).〔(Joxe Azurmendi ) at The University of the Basque Country (EHU)〕 In 2010 he was awarded the title "honorary academic" by Euskaltzaindia (The Basque Language Academy).〔(Joxe Azurmendi ) at The Basque Language Academy〕 Azurmendi is an intellectual who studies the problem more than the solution. Azurmendi's essays cover modern European topics in great depth and knowledge. He has incorporated the philosophy and thinking of European thinkers, especially German ones. He often adopts a polemic tone.〔Altzibar, Xabier. "The Essay in Basque" in Mari Jose Olaziregi (ed.), ''Basque Literary History'', Reno, Center for Basque Studies/University of Nevada, pp. 283–84〕 In short, in the opinion of many, Joxe Azurmendi is one of the most prolific and erudite thinkers in the Basque Country.〔Altzibar, Xabier. "The Essay in Basque" in Mari Jose Olaziregi (ed.), ''Basque Literary History'', Reno: Center for Basque Studies/University of Nevada, 2012〕〔Iturriotz, Ander (2010). "Zergatik Azurmendi?", ''Hegats'', 45: 9-15.〕 ==Life== Joxe Azurmendi studied philosophy and theology at The University of the Basque Country, Rome and Münster.〔Preface of Gandiaga in Joxe Azurmendi: ''Hitz berdeak'', Oñati: EFA, 1971〕 At the beginning of the 1960s he joined the cultural movement which grew up around the magazine ''Jakin'', and was in fact the director of the publication when it was prohibited for the first time by Franco's regime. He has collaborated closely and uninterruptedly with the magazine since its restoration. In that publication he has raised the problems of Basque society in the context of European thinkers.〔Sudupe, Pako: ''50eko hamarkadako euskal literatura II'', Donostia: Utriusque Vasconiae, 2011. p.283〕 During the early 1970s he focused his attention on disseminating basic literature in the Basque language on subjects which were being hotly debated at the time in the Basque Country: nationhood, socialism, internationalism,〔Joxe Azurmendi: ''Arana Goiri-ren pentsamendu politikoa'', Donostia: Hordago Lur, 1979. p.1〕 etc. In the 1980s he began teaching at The University of the Basque Country, and in 1984 he submitted his thesis on Jose Maria Arizmendiarrieta, the founder of the Mondragon cooperative movement, in which he argued that Arizmendiarrieta's project aimed to unite individuals and society under an organisation which combined both socialism and French personalism.〔Andoni Olariaga: "Joxe Azurmendi. Askatasunaren pentsalaria" in Alaitz Aizpuru, ''Euskal Herriko pentsamenduaren gida'', Bilbo: UEU, 2012. p. 149〕 In 1992 he published what was to become his best-known work: ''Espainolak eta euskaldunak'' (The Spanish and the Basques). The work, published by Elkar, was written in response to a text by Sánchez-Albornoz which claimed that "The Basques are the last people to be civilised in Spain; they have a thousand years less civilisation than any other people ... They are rough, simple people who nevertheless consider themselves to be the children of God and the heirs to his glory. But they are really nothing more than un-Romanised Spaniards."〔Joxe Azurmendi: ''Espainolak eta euskaldunak'', Donostia: Elkar, 1992. p.17〕 Azurmendi's essay refuted and dismantled the stereotypes maintained about the Basques by certain Spanish intellectuals. It was on the threshold of the new millennium, however, that Azurmendi's work reached its height. During the early years of the 21st century he published the trilogy formed by ''Espainiaren arimaz'' (About the soul of Spain) (2006, Elkar), ''Humboldt. Hizkuntza eta pentsamendua'' (Humboldt. Language and Thought) (2007, UEU) and ''Volksgeist. Herri gogoa'' (Volksgeist. National Character) (2008, Elkar). In this trilogy, Joxe Azurmendi reveals some of his most significant thinking. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Joxe Azurmendi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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